Administrative / Other positions in Germany

Most academic positions in Germany follow the TV-L (Tarifvertrag für den öffentlichen Dienst der Länder) salary scale. PhD students and postdocs are typically on E13, earning roughly €50,000–65,000 gross per year depending on experience level and state.

Traditionally yes, but Germany has been introducing tenure-track (Juniorprofessur) positions that serve as an alternative to the Habilitation. Many universities now offer W1 tenure-track positions leading to W2/W3 professorships without requiring a Habilitation.

In most STEM research groups, English is the everyday working language. However, teaching duties, administrative communication and some social science/humanities positions require German. Job postings typically specify the language requirement.